Colca Canyon Trekking, Rafting and Mountaineering
Some of the wildest terrain can be found in Peru's Colca Canyon, a ruggedly beautiful gorge that is twice the size of the Grand Canyon. Arequipa is the largest nearby city and is a great base for treks into the canyon. Trekking in Colca Canyon is the most popular activity here and a classic trek through the canyon is detailed below.
Colca Canyon Trekking
A great way to see the canyon begins with a short trek that descends for 2 hours down to Sangalle, at the bottom of the gorge. Also known as the Oasis, there are two natural swimming pools and other short trails that can be explored. Many opt to camp or stay in one of the basic bungalows overnight. The return trek to Cabanaconde takes about three to four hours. For the more adventurous, the trek can continue on for several days, passing through peaceful rural villages and valleys. Colca Trek in Arequipa at Jerusalen 401-B has trekking maps, gear, and general information. 
Colca Trek Website
Most treks can be done without a guide, especially if you're hiking in a well-traveled area like the Colca Canyon. The main roads are the best scenic routes and the small villages in between are great places to stay overnight or stop for a rest. If you want to go on more challenging, less traveled treks or if you are nervous about hiking solo, there are many tour companies based out of Arequipa that can arrange a guided trek.
Colca Canyon Whitewater Rafting
There are other activities to do in the canyon country besides trekking. Whitewater rafting is also very popular. There are several class 3 and 4 rapids on River Colca, including the run about 1km above the La Calera hot springs in Chivay (3675m). The best time to go is during the raining season, when the river is at its highest (January through April). Another 10km run is from Tuti (3800m), which is a very easy route through interesting rock formations and past lovely meadows.
Condor Journeys Website
Peru Whitewater Website
Colca Canyon Mountaineering
The mountains around Arequipa are excellent for climbing. Before such adventures it is important to first get acclimated to the high altitude by spending some time in Cusco or Puno. The recommended time of year to go climbing is between April and December. Towering majestically over Arequipa, El Misti (5822m) is one of the most popular climbs. Although it is considered one of the easiest ascents in the world, it is still quite challenging and requires an ice axe and crampons. Other excellent options are Chachini (6075m), Sabancaya (5976m), Hualca Hualca (6025m), and Nevado Ampato (6310m). For maps and gear you can go to Colca Trek in Arequipa or the Instituto Geographico Nacional in Lima.
Instituto Geographico Nacional Website
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